Informação Geográfica e Tecnologias para o Ordenamento doTerritório - Gestão da Qualidade e Modelo de Sistema de Submissão de Instrumentos de Gestão Territorial (IGT)

Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Geografia e Planeamento Territorial, Especialização em Deteção Remota e Sistemas de Informação Geográfica

Sistemas de Informação de Marketing, Geomarketing e níveis estratégicos em organizações no Brasil

Este trabalho procura verificar qual aplicação dos SIM - Sistemas de Informação de Marketing e do Geomarketing (através do recurso aos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica) nos vários níveis estratégicos em organizações no Brasil, mais precisamente na cidade de São Paulo. Outro objectivo é descortinar quais as principais vantagens reconhecidas pelas organizações no que toca à utilização do Geomarketing para apoio à tomada de decisão. São apresentadas várias definições para proporcionar um claro entendimento do tema, e destacam-se as seis actividades que segundo a literatura consultada concentram a maioria das aplicações do Geomarketing: segmentação do mercado, análise do potencial do mercado, organização e avaliação da força de vendas, localização do negócio, roteirização e programação de veículos, e, promoção de marketing. Em cada uma das actividades citadas, é feita referência a um case brasileiro para que o leitor possa familiarizar-se com o panorama deste país no que concerne à utilização do Geomarketing. Para alcançar os referidos objectivos, além de uma cuidada revisão bibliográfica, foi também desenhada uma pesquisa qualitativa que levou em conta o Modelo Conceitual de Goñi (2008) que integra os SIM - Sistemas de Informação de Marketing e os vários níveis estratégicos e apresenta as suas diferentes aplicações em cada um desses níveis: operacional, táctico e estratégico. O referido modelo foi já aplicado no México em 30 empresas de grande e médio porte, pelo que se buscou replicar essa pesquisa no Brasil, através de entrevistas em profundidade, numa amostra de 10 organizações de grande porte pertencentes a dois segmentos distintos (Segmento Comércio e Segmento Educação). Este estudo revelou que, tal como nas empresas mexicanas, os gestores e CEOs brasileiros, utilizam e reconhecem a importância dos Sistemas de Informação de Marketing, aos quais recorrem, na maioria das vezes, em todos os níveis estratégicos. O grau de utilização dos vários tipos de informações de marketing elencados no Modelo Conceitual de Goñi (49 tipos de informação de marketing diferentes) é superior nas organizações brasileiras pois a maioria afirmou recorrer à sua totalidade. Estas informações podem também ser fornecidas por vários SIM e utilizadas em vários níveis estratégicos, não existindo uma regra relativamente ao sistema de output da informação, ou layer estratégica em que é utilizada. O Segmento Comércio, composto essencialmente por empresas do ramo supermercadista recorre ao Geomarketing em 60% das actividades pesquisadas, já o Segmento Educação, composto por instituições de ensino superior, utiliza o Geomarketing em 49% das suas acções. Ambos os segmentos identificaram diversas iv vantagens na prática do Geomarketing como a possibilidade de cruzamento de várias variáveis em simultâneo, a disposição dessa informação em mapas ou o carácter intuitivo das interfaces gráficas dos softwares SIG. Tudo isso permite encontrar padrões nos dados que de outra forma não seriam facilmente identificados, uma maior rapidez e facilidade na análise dos dados, melhor percepção da informação, possibilidade de criação de novos indicadores, entre outros. Estas vantagens resultam numa tomada de decisão mais rápida e assertiva.

O âmbito de aplicação material da legislação de proteção de dados pessoais e o tratamento de imagem por pessoa singular

Images have gained a never before seen importance. Technological changes have given the Information Society extraordinary means to capture, treat and transmit images, wheter your own or those of others, with or without a commercial purpose, with no boundaries of time or country, without “any kind of eraser”. From the several different ways natural persons may engage in image processing with no commercial purpose, the cases of sharing pictures through social networks and video surveillance assume particular relevance. Consequently there are growing legitimate concerns with the protection of one's image, since its processing may sometimes generate situations of privacy invasion or put at risk other fundamental rights. With this in mind, the present thesis arises from the question: what are the existent legal instruments in Portuguese Law that enable citizens to protect themselves from the abusive usage of their own pictures, whether because that image have been captured by a smartphone or some video surveillance camera, whether because it was massively shared through a blog or some social network? There is no question the one's right to not having his or her image used in an abusive way is protected by the Portuguese constitution, through the article 26th CRP, as well as personally right, under the article 79th of the Civil Code, and finally through criminal law, articles 192nd and 193rd of the Criminal Code. The question arises in the personal data protection context, considering that one's picture, given certain conditions, is personal data. Both the Directive 95/46/CE dated from 1995 as well as the LPD from 1998 are applicable to the processing of personal data, but both exclude situations of natural persons doing so in the pursuit of activities strictly personal or family-related. These laws demand complex procedures to natural persons, such as the preemptive formal authorisation request to the Data Protection National Commission. Failing to do so a natural person may result in the application of fines as high as €2.500,00 or even criminal charges. Consequently, the present thesis aims to study if the image processing with no commercial purposes by a natural person in the context of social networks or through video surveillance belongs to the domain of the existent personal data protection law. To that effect, it was made general considerations regarding the concept of video surveillance, what is its regimen, in a way that it may be distinguishable from Steve Mann's definition of sousveillance, and what are the associated obligations in order to better understand the concept's essence. The application of the existent laws on personal data protection to images processing by natural persons has been analysed taking into account the Directive 95/46/CE, the LPD and the General Regulation. From this analysis it is concluded that the regimen from 1995 to 1998 is out of touch with reality creating an absence of legal shielding in the personal data protection law, a flaw that doesn't exist because compensated by the right to image as a right to personality, that anyway reveals the inability of the Portuguese legislator to face the new technological challenges. It is urgent to legislate. A contrary interpretation will evidence the unconstitutionality of several rules on the LPD due to the obligations natural persons are bound to that violate the right to the freedom of speech and information, which would be inadequate and disproportionate. Considering the recently approved General Regulation and in the case it becomes the final version, the use for natural person of video surveillance of private spaces, Google Glass (in public and private places) and other similar gadgets used to recreational purposes, as well as social networks are subject to its regulation only if the images are shared without limits or existing commercial purposes. Video surveillance of public spaces in all situations is subject to General Regulation provisions.

Arbitragem de consumo no direito brasileiro

This dissertation analyzes how the current Constitution and the Brazilian law establish consumer protection, arbitration and access to justice. Following we try to demonstrate why arbitration is a method rarely used in the resolution of consumer disputes in Brazil. It also examines the doctrinal and jurisprudential aspects of the conflict between the Brazilian Arbitration Law (Law nº. 9.307/96), which allows the arbitration clause in contracts of adhesion, and the Consumer Protection Code (Law nº 8.078/90) that in article 51, VII, considers as abusive the arbitration clause. Furthermore, analyzes new proposed bills under scrutiny by the National Congress on the issue and identifies the causes, in the Brazilian legal system, hampering the use of arbitration in consumer relations. Concludes that there are no principle obstacles preventing consumer litigations to be settled by arbitration. High costs, mistrust, oppression, misinformation of consumers and non-participation of the State, being a totally private institute, are factors that generate distrust, suspicion, and have prevented the development of arbitration in consumer relations in Brazil.

A indústria de defesa na cooperação Brasil-Portugal

The global dynamics of alliances are strongly determined by the level of cooperation among states. This cooperation can be embodied in various aspects, but the level of defense and security cooperation becomes usually more doctrinal and lasting. By the nature of sovereignty that instills in the bilateral relationship, cooperation at defense and security level can leverages other forms of cooperation. The circumstances and relational balance between Brazil and Portugal seem to evolve towards distancing opportunities, despite they are culturally and institutionally untainted. The economic dynamics, the strategic projection in global sustainability terms, the scale and ambition of Brazilian regional leadership, contrasts with the actual context of Portugal, distancing himself both on the stage where they operate. On the other hand, the historical and cultural roots, the language, the affinity of the peoples of CPLP and some opportunities for economic niches, trend to attract both countries. The condition of Portugal in NATO and Europe, coupled with the ability to export technical and human resources to value-added for Brazil, seems also to become approaching factors. On the balance of these dynamics, there is a set of exogenous factors (economic, external global relations matrix, regional stability, among others), which are not always controlled by any of both countries. These factors call for strong capacity for foresight analysis and decision making, with the inherent risk. There is cooperation vectors that are not apparently penalized by geographic distance, or by the difference of realities. Among these vectors we shall highlight synergies in technological niches, highly tradable goods and, mostly, using the domain of dual technologies. The thirteen niches herein identified are: Monitoring, Navigation, Command and Control, Electronics, Optoelectronics, Communication and remote sensing, Information Technologies, Flight Simulation, Specialized Training, Fiber Optic Sensors, Materials Engineering, Nanotechnology and Communications. Cumulating with identified opportunities in traditional relational framework, both countries are growing (in geography and economic terms) into the Atlantic, making it a central element in the bilateral approach. By being at the same time a growing stage of disputes and which stability tends to be threatened, it will be done an analysis of these synergistic vectors, superimposed on the impact on Atlantic securitization process.